In Lesson 1, we began by learning to take a step back from anxious thoughts. Rather than struggling with every thought that enters the mind, you practised distinguishing between thoughts that arise automatically and the way you voluntarily respond to them. We also used a meditation technique, called Leaves on the Stream, to learn to accept automatic thoughts and let go of them.

In Lesson 2, we went a step further and deliberately brought a feared situation to mind and practised relaxing into the anxiety. The aim was to discover, through experience, that uncomfortable feelings can be tolerated and that we can mentally rehearse coping with difficult situations, through emotional acceptance, rather than avoiding them.

There’s a progression here. First, we learn not to become completely entangled in every anxious thought. Then we learn that we can tolerate the feelings associated with anxiety. Finally, we can begin examining more closely the judgments that give those feelings much of their force.

When we worry about the future, after all, our minds seldom tell us merely that something undesirable might happen. We typically add another layer of meaning: That would be awful. I couldn’t stand it. It would be a disaster.

Consider the image below. The striving-to-be-Stoic statue has a number of fears and worries, including public speaking. They imagine giving a speech to an audience that’s not very responsive. “That would be a disaster,” they think.

These evaluations can begin to feel like objective descriptions of the situation itself. Yet being “awful” or “catastrophic” is not something we can literally see, hear, or touch in an event. It is a subjective evaluation that our mind makes about what is happening. The problem isn’t that it’s false. Rather it’s that it’s a value judgment masquerading as a statement of fact.

That distinction is central to Stoicism. Epictetus famously says that people are disturbed not simply by events but by their judgments about them. He also told his students that when they have a distressing thought they should speak to it and say: “You are just an impression and not entirely the thing you claim to represent.” Thoughts are not facts — they may appear to represent facts accurately but they’re never the whole story. Cognitive therapists make a similar distinction when they use the word catastrophizing: we are describing something the mind is doing to an event, i.e., interpreting and evaluating it in a particular way.

This doesn’t mean pretending that bad things are really good, or convincing ourselves that everything will turn out fine. It means becoming less rigid about the way we evaluate difficult events and remembering that our first automatic appraisal is not necessarily the only reasonable perspective available to us.

What we’ve already discovered

The initial responses to the exercises in the first two lessons are encouraging. Here’s how the first wave of participants voted in those two polls.

After practising the Benson Method in Lesson 1, 92% of respondents reported some noticeable change: 34% said their mind became calmer, 32% felt less physically tense, and 25% noticed their heart rate or breathing relaxed. Only 8% reported no difference.

The Lesson 2 results are interesting for a different reason. Only 11% said that the main change was simply less intense anxiety — that’s natural because it wasn’t the goal of this particular exercise but it can be a side effect. By contrast, 39% reported better tolerance of their feelings and another 35% reported greater confidence in their ability to cope. Anxiety tolerance, and emotional coping, were exactly what we were practising. A further 13% reported little or no change, while 2% experienced more intense anxiety. So 85% of respondents reported one of these improvements after just a few minutes.

The aim of these exercises is not simply to make anxiety disappear but to face it and learn to cope with it. With practice, we can become more willing to experience uncomfortable feelings and more confident that we can deal with the situations that trigger them.

So far, you’ve practised stepping back from automatic thoughts, changing your physiological response to anxiety, facing a feared situation in your imagination, and rehearsing your ability to tolerate and cope with the feelings that arise.

In this bonus lesson, we’re going to build on those skills by focusing more closely on another part of the process: how you evaluate the situations that make you anxious.

Bonus Resources

As a bonus, I’m making both the guided audio exercise and the accompanying worksheet available to everyone.

The audio will let you practise the technique experientially, while the worksheet gives you a more deliberate way of applying the same principles to a particular worry or worst-case scenario.

Audio Exercise: Consciousness of Evaluating

The following guided exercise will help you bring a manageable worry to mind and then notice the way you automatically evaluate the feared outcome.

Rather than trying to convince yourself that the situation would be harmless or that everything will work out well, you’ll practise distinguishing the facts of the situation from your evaluation of those facts.

You’ll then explore several different perspectives on the same event: how another reasonable person might view it, how you might see it while actually coping with it, and how your perspective might change much later when looking back.

The aim is not to discover the one perfectly rational interpretation. It is to loosen the kind of tunnel vision that can make our first catastrophic appraisal seem like the only possible one. Prepare yourself by choosing a worry to work on — an anticipated outcome that you typically catastrophize.

When you’re ready, press play. When the recording ends, take a moment to reflect.

Once the recording has ended, pause and review what changed before moving on. Bring the same feared situation to mind again and notice whether your experience of it has changed.

You might ask yourself: Does it seem just as unquestionably awful and catastrophic as it did before, or is there now a little more room for uncertainty, ambiguity, or flexibility in the way I anticipate and evaluate things?

Activity Reflection

Worst-Case Audit Worksheet

The guided exercise helped you practise looking at a feared situation from several different perspectives. Now the Worst-Case Audit worksheet will help you tackle catastrophizing more deliberately, focusing on the appraisal of probability.

You’ll begin by identifying the situation you’re facing and spelling out the worst outcome you’re afraid might happen — your biggest fear about it. Rather than stopping there, however, you’ll then mentally rehearse how you could cope if the worst actually occurred—both emotionally and practically—while focusing especially on what remains within your control.

Next, you’ll consider the best outcome you could realistically hope for if you responded wisely and resiliently, and what you can do now to increase the chances of that happening. You’ll then compare this with the most likely outcome, asking how close you could realistically come to the best-case scenario and what preparation might help. Finally, you’ll reflect on how your thinking has changed and decide what you want to do next.

Choose whichever format suits you best:

• complete the worksheet online and receive a copy of your responses by email; or

• download the printable version to complete digitally or offline.

Complete the Worksheet Online

Once you’ve completed the worksheet, bring the original situation to mind again.

Notice whether you’re quite as certain that your first appraisal was the only reasonable way of viewing it. You do not need to feel dramatically calmer. Even a small shift from “This simply is a catastrophe” to “Right now, I’m evaluating this as catastrophic” is significant.

That subtle cognitive shift can create room for other ways of responding.

Looking forward…

Anxiety naturally narrows our attention. When we anticipate something threatening, we can become fixated on the worst moment of the worst possible outcome, while overlooking everything else: our ability to respond, the support available to us, what happens next, how other people might interpret the event, and how our own perspective may change with time.

The Stoic alternative is not to insist that nothing bad can happen. It is to become more conscious of the judgments we add to events and more flexible about the perspectives from which we view them.

You may ultimately decide that the situation really would be extremely serious. But once you recognize the appraisal as an appraisal rather than simply confusing it with the facts, you’ve created some psychological distance from it.

And that gives you more freedom to ask a very Stoic question: Given the situation as it actually is, what would it look like to respond to it wisely?

Discussion Question

Please share your comments below in response to this question and, if possible, reply to the comments posted by other participants.

Which of these three tendencies catches you most often when you’re worried?

1. Focusing too much on the worst-case scenario

2. Underestimating how well you could cope

3. Overlooking the most likely outcome

You can simply comment 1, 2, or 3 or share a recent example and what helped you regain perspective. If someone else’s answer resonates, reply to let them know.

Leave a comment

To access additional exclusive content like what you see in this bonus lesson, subscribe to this newsletter. We’re offering a 25% discount, for a limited period, for new paid subscribers.

Get 25% off for 1 year

Thanks for reading Stoicism: Philosophy as a Way of Life. The written lesson is free to share. If you know someone who might find it useful, please restack it or send them the link.

Share